Wednesday, December 30, 2009

Greens, black, and white - immigration, race, and newspapers

This entry considers the media's reporting of immigration, and the politicians and campaigners who oppose immigration. It focuses on two men who are both much quoted on immigration matters: Conservative MP Damian Green and former diplomat Sir Andrew Green, and the newspapers that publish their words. There are often complaints from the right that there is no proper debate on immigration, so this is as close as we get.




Damian Green is the shadow minister (i.e. Conservative party spokesperson) on immigration. Although there are many problems with Britain's migrant-processing bureaucracy that he could concern himself with, Green is most often to be found giving anti-immigrant quotes to right-wing newspapers.

In October 2006 the Sun published a story accusing Muslims of vandalising a house that soldiers had planned to move in to, and of making threatening phone calls to the soldiers. The Sun later published a correction saying "no threatening calls were logged at Combermere Barracks from Muslims and police have been unable to establish if any faith or religious group was responsible for the incident." The original article featured damning quotes from Damian Green and another Tory MP, Philip Davis. Davis later apologised for his comments, saying "Newspapers and television media approach people every day and ask people their reactions to events they relate to you. Everybody makes their comments in good faith presuming that the story is true." Green has not apologised, and nor has he learnt about the honesty of the press.

The Express on June 20, 2007 reported misleadingly on the leather sofas, "designer shelving" and "10 showers and 10 toilets segregated for men and women" supposedly awaiting illegal immigrants in a camp near Calais planned to replace the old Sangatte holding camp closed in 2002. The BBC pointed out "The charities say they are already providing such services in the town, although not in one location, and have earmarked a site for the centre. [...] However, the authorities in Calais say it would not be like the original Sangatte because the proposed centre would not provide accommodation." The Express failed to mention that the new centre was not a holding camp and merely relocated existing provisions, asking Damian Green for a statement that concluded: "This latest revelation shows that the Government continues to fail to protect our borders", despite the fact that the centre was to be built in France.

An Express story on 4 December (now removed from their website but cached by Google) claimed "Migrants use 'joke' degrees to live in Britain", saying foreigners were taking degrees in theatre studies in an effort to remain in Britain. Green was quoted at length: "This is a late recognition of the chaos surrounding student visas. The important thing is to close this loophole without destroying hundreds of legitimate college courses." However the newspaper admitted that the chairman of the Migration Advisory Committee "said there was no evidence that immigrants were using qualifications from any of the organisations listed to get into Britain."

He also came up with a quote when the Express produced questionable claims under the headline "Each illegal immigrant to cost us £1 million" (at the same time contradicting Boris Johnson's idea of an amnesty for illegal immigrants). The figures were based on a report by anti-immigrant campaigners Migration Watch which assumed each immigrant family would be on benefits till the sole family wage-owner was 80 years old (4 years above the mean male life expectancy); this is despite government research suggesting immigrants brought a slight net benefit to the economy.

The Express reported in March 2009 "One in seven primary school pupils do not have English as their first language. The increased figure has prompted Tory immigration spokesman Damian Green to demand an annual limit on immigration." As Tabloid Watch noted, that has actually been Conservative policy since 2005.

In October 2009 he got his photo on a Daily Mail story despite never even being quoted in it. It's possible the paper's staff confused him with Andrew Green of anti-immigration pressure group Migration Watch. The article dubiously claimed (headline) "Migrant facing deportation wins right to stay in Britain... because he's got a cat"; the migrant's lawyer Barry O'Leary apparently "told the Sunday Telegraph that the cat was one detail among many in the case" used to show the immigrant had settled in the UK, but one of the judges commented on it so it became an easy hook for the story.

On 27 November 2008, Green was arrested "on suspicion of conspiring to commit misconduct in a public office and aiding and abetting, counselling or procuring misconduct in a public office". It was believed that he had made contact with a civil servant in the Home Office called Christopher Galley. Bob Quick, assistant commissioner in the Metropolitan Police in charge of the Green investigation, informed MPs what Galley had told him:
He [Galley] said Green offered to look out for a position for him but told him that, 'He wanted as much, how can I say, as much dirt on the Labour Party, the Labour Government, as possible. And so he wanted as much information to damage them as possible'. Galley also stated, 'Well, at the end of each meeting he always tends to say, "Yes I am looking, I'll try and find something, I'll put your name about", but nothing ever seems to happen'.
Green was never charged.




Sir Andrew Green is the chair of Migration Watch, which campaigns against immigration. It claims on its website to be a "think tank", says "genuine refugees should be welcomed", and praises "many immigrants [who] have made a valuable contribution to our society in terms both of skills and diversity". Andrew Green is often quoted in newspapers and news media (not just right-wing ones; the BBC is a frequent consumer of his utterances) condemning everything about government immigration policy, frequently alongside remarks from Damian Green, but never defending refugees or praising the contribution of immigrants.

Many people have questioned whether Green is a racist, and whether his stated reasons for opposing immigration are his true ones. Officially, Migration Watch is only worried that there may be too many people and that immigration is insufficiently controlled: "There must be a serious question as to whether we can successfully integrate immigrants at such a rate."
(Guardian January 7, 2007)

There's certainly an argument that the government has failed to increase funding and support for public services to match the influx of immigrants, but do the following sound like complaints about a shortage of doctors or school places?

"Our society is being fundamentally changed against the clearly expressed wishes of the public"
(Express August 22, 2008)

"The numbers of migrants are now so great as to change the whole nature of our society"
"In central London primary schools, only 20 per cent of pupils are now classified as 'white British'."
(Mail October 22, 2009)

"The working class has been the most affected but it has been silenced by the forces of political correctness."
(Express January 3, 2009)

"One has to ask, too, whether there could be a political aspect. Immigrant communities are predominantly Labour voters. If they had all been budding Conservatives, one wonders whether the situation would have been allowed to continue for so long."
(Mail March 31, 2008)

"mass immigration under this government was a deliberate policy concealed from the public, and especially from the white working class whose lives and neighbourhoods have been most affected."
(Mail October 27, 2009)

He's said time and time again that he doesn't care about EU immigrants: "The big issue remains the very large numbers coming to the UK from outside the EU"
(Express February 18, 2009)

"The rapid rise in the Muslim population is just one way in which mass immigration promoted, even encouraged, by this Government has affected the whole nature of our society."
(Express December 14,2009)

The Express reported on October 23, 2009 "Aside from brave mavericks such as Frank Field, Nicholas Soames and Andrew Green, the chairman of the Migration Watch think tank, there have been no mainstream political figures willing to speak up for the widely held view that immigration is out of control and the British national identity under threat."




This raises two questions. First, are right-wing anti-immigration campaigners commenting on newspaper stories without finding out if they're true or false? And secondly, are they hiding their true reasons for opposing immigration?

Sunday, December 27, 2009

Follow the dead celebrity: more Twitter advertising

In June, furniture store Habitat published tweets with tags related to the protests in Iran. Twitter users are encouraged to mark the topic of their posts with a hash-tag such as "#iran", and twitter.com keeps a chart of the most popular ("trending topics"). Users often click on tags in the top ten to find out what they're about, being taken to a sampling of Twitter posts (tweets). If you can get on this list, there's the chance that a lot of people will read you - Twitter seems increasingly popular as a news source whether you're interested in the latest celebrity death or political protest. Habitat's Twitter feed displayed messages tied to the protests over Iranian elections, such as: "HabitatUK: #MOUSAVI Join the database for free to win a £1,000 gift card." Habitat apologised and claimed they had no knowledge of this promotion but refused to say who was responsible. (BBC; Register)

According to The Register, One Riot (a Colorado-based search engine for Twitter and similar social media sites) is offering Habitat's morally-dubious strategy to everybody, with its new idea: "trending ads". Described as "a stream of ads that are related to trending topics as they emerge across the social web", the idea is that a company provides a marketing message (like "win a gift card!") and One Riot links it to trending topics. A spokesman for One Riot linked his service to dead actress Brittany Murphy, telling the Register "As an advertiser, you have no way of knowing that the everyone is going to be searching for Brittany Murphy. You can't build ads ahead of time. We index your site and then build the ads for you."

One of the risks of any open medium is that people will try to use it to make money, and that the advertising messages may overwhelm the content, destroying the utility of the original source - many people feel this way about email, faced with the endless spam. In a method similar to that of One Riot, each big news event (the death of Michael Jackson, Tiger Woods' infidelity) is accompanied by unsolicited email whose subject line or content promising salacious video or images, only to lead you to some dodgy online store or compromised website, or trick you into downloading a virus. It's a battle that web search also has to fight, with Google constantly tweaking its systems to remove scraper sites and link farms.

Already, the majority of Twitter users seem to be selling something: Twitter does allow you to exchange messages with your friends in a little closed world, but plans for Twitter to be used as an advertising and market research platform require people to continue to interact more openly, to use hash tags and see what other people are writing about. Without people like One Riot, Twitter will go bankrupt, but with them it may not have any genuine users. Twitter has shown signs of being the conscience of the internet; it will be ironic if it starts making money from dead celebrities and political protests. Mainstream news media always sell more copies when it's bad news, but they don't promise to put a photo of the latest corpse in the middle of your press ad.

Sunday, December 13, 2009

Those prudish Americans!

It's a common myth that Victorian English people were so appalled by the sight of a bare ankle that they placed skirts or trousers around piano legs. In fact, this was first reported as something done not by the prudish English but by Americans. It seems to come from Frederick Marryat's Diary in America Volume II, from 1839. Marryat was an English naval officer and novelist who visited North America in the late 1830s, helping to defeat a rebellion in Canada and touring the USA. Like Charles Dickens and Frances Trollope, who both visited the USA around the same time, he wrote a detailed account of his travels.

Only the last paragraph of this excerpt is relevant, but the earlier provide an amusing build-up.
When at Niagara Falls, I was escorting a young lady with whom I was on friendly terms. She had been standing on a piece of rock, the better to view the scene, when she slipped down, and was evidently hurt by the fall; she had in fact grazed her shin. As she limped a little in walking home, I said, "Did you hurt your leg much." She turned from me evidently much shocked, or much offended; and not being aware that I had committed any very heinous offence, I begged to know what was the reason of her displeasure. After some hesitation, she said that as she knew me well, she would tell me that the word leg was never mentioned before ladies. I apologized for my want of refinement, which was attributable to my having been accustomed only to English society, and added, that as such articles must occasionally be referred to, even in the most polite circles of America, perhaps she would inform me by what name I might mention them without shocking the company. Her reply was, that the word limb was used; "nay," continued she, "I am not so particular as some people are, for I know those who always say limb of a table, or limb of a piano-forte."

There the conversation dropped; but a few months afterwards I was obliged to acknowledge that the young lady was correct when she asserted that some people were more particular than even she was.

I was requested by a lady to escort her to a seminary for young ladies, and on being ushered into the reception-room, conceive my astonishment at beholding a square piano-forte with four limbs. However, that the ladies who visited their daughters, might feel in its full force the extreme delicacy of the mistress of the establishment, and her care to preserve in their utmost purity the ideas of the young ladies under her charge, she had dressed all these four limbs in modest little trousers, with frills at the bottom of them!
(on archive.org, or reprinted Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, MT, 2004, p90, accessible via Google Books)

Friday, December 11, 2009

Everybody loves Apple?

Another story about the iPhone? Is the mainstream media - particularly The Guardian - biased towards Apple projects, such as Mac computers, iPods, and iPhones? Although many newspapers often jump on strange bandwagons, such as the Guardian's enthusiasm for Twitter, the Daily Express's continuing obsession with Princess Diana, or the Daily Mail's project to categorise everything into the world into those that cause cancer and those that cure cancer, suggestions of pro-Apple bias have been made for a number of years. Many journalists celebrate the charisma of Apple founder Steve Jobs, but there are other possible reasons for good treatment: the tactics of Apple's PRs, and that most journalists personally use Apple Macs.

Apple are notoriously touchy with journalists and publishers. They refused to talk to IT news website The Register for a long time, have sued several technology blogs, and banned all publisher John Wiley's books from their stores. Reasons to incur this wrath included: mocking Apple boss Steve Jobs, producing a book about him, and reporting on upcoming products.

Historically Macs have been prevalent in newsrooms even in the company's 1990s doldrums, running software such as Quark used for newspaper and magazine production. Macs have their pros and cons - they are easy to use and have good software for many creative and design tasks, but have less software in other areas (particularly games). They can't interface with as much hardware - mobile phones, cameras, MP3 players, etc - as Microsoft Windows, due largely to the decisions of hardware manufacturers about what to support (although they do support iPods and iPhones), and they cost more than systems for Windows or Linux. In image terms, Apple have strong product design, but they lack the moral superiority of free software such as Linux, which appeals to many serious programmers for its underlying philosophy as much as for its power, configurability, and cheapness. Microsoft's business practices drove many morally-based purchasers away (although Apple's transgressions are less widely known). For the needs of a journalist, an Apple Mac might be ideal.

Occasionally a few journalists start to worry about this. The first seeds of dissent sprouted in late 2005 when Apple's initial iPod success was followed by a series of products of less than brilliant innovation, particularly the first video iPod - which came long after products from rival companies and had a tiny screen and minimal battery life (see below). In early 2009, when it turned out Apple had lied about boss Steve Jobs's health and he was actually seriously ill, there was another round of criticism.

One of the first people to discuss this was columnist John C Dvorak in August 2005, who compared the treatment of Apple with that of Microsoft:
As big and as important as Microsoft is, the coverage of the company is quite mediocre. This is particularly true in the mainstream press. The reason for this is that today's newspaper and magazine tech writers know little about computers and are all Mac users. [...]

The newsroom editors are generally so out of touch that they can't see this bias. Besides, they use Macs too. There are entire newsrooms, such as the one at Forbes, that consist entirely of Macintoshes. [...]

I often confront these guys with this assertion, and they [...] all say that they use a Mac "because it is better."
Daniel Lyons in January 2009 complained that the media failed to pursue stories about Steve Jobs's health problems:
The fact is, in the eyes of the media, Apple is the corporate equivalent of Barack Obama—a company that can do no wrong. [...]

But some of my colleagues in the media have made a Faustian bargain with Apple. In exchange for super-special access to Jobs, they tacitly agree not to criticize the company or even to say things it doesn't like. [...]

Apple's entire corporate culture is built on secrecy, and I mean crazy, CIA-style secrecy[...]. Imagine what it might be like if the Church of Scientology went into the consumer electronics business
He also criticised Apple's PR machine in strong terms:
This is a company whose idea of "corporate communications" mostly involves picking up the phone and saying "No comment." Or sometimes they'll pick up the phone and just repeat the same meaningless sentence, over and over again, no matter what question you ask them. I'm not kidding. They really do that. And of course a lot of the time they just don't return phone calls at all.
This may seem incredible, even by the standards of telephone customer service people, but similar claims have come from The Register:
Apple corporate has turned these talented PR professionals into little more than call center workers who repeat the same, frustrating phrases over and over again, refusing to activate anything resembling human emotion or intellect. This has to be dehumanizing, and I suspect many of the PR staff seek therapy just so they can drive to Cupertino each morning.
It is little wonder that journalists whose careers depend on good sources in the industry and access to new technology will try and be nice to these fearsome PR robots.

Many critics of bias focus on over-enthusiastic reports of new iPhones and iPods. As already mentioned, these are almost the only mobile phones and media players that are fully supported on journalists' Apple Macs; Samsung, Motorola, or Nokia phones generally come with Windows-only software. CNet complained in November 2008:
the vast majority of journalists use Macs to write their stories and have a deep-seated love for Apple products. [...] When was the last time you saw the entire technology field stop and wait for an announcement from any other company besides Apple?
(CNet is no stranger at annoying big companies; Google once refused to speak to them for a year: report and the story that started it.)

The 2005 video iPod announcement provoked some questions from journalists, such as Jack Shafer in Slate, October 2005
The pairing of the V-iPod announcement with news that the iTunes store will sell Desperate Housewives and other ABC fare drove the story to Page One of USA Today and onto the biz fronts of the Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, the Wall Street Journal, and the New York Times. [...]

Apple manipulates several narratives to continue to make its products interesting fodder for journalists. One is the never-ending story of mad genius Steve Jobs, who would be great copy if he were only the night manager of a Domino's pizza joint. The next is Apple's perpetual role as scrappy underdog—reporters love cheerleading for the underdog without ever pausing to explore why it isn't the overdog.
(Slate was at one time owned by Microsoft, but they had sold it by then.)

2005 was probably the high-point of Apple hysteria and bias. Another example: on 22 September 2005, the Guardian published almost the only positive review of the long-forgotten Apple/Motorola ROKR phone on the exact same day as they published an exclusive interview with Apple boss Steve Jobs. Following this, the Guardian featured in TV ads for the iPhone, where users were shown surfing to the newspaper's website, without the long loading times that the javascript- and ad-heavy web pages caused especially on first-generation iPhones.

Stephen Fry occasionally writes on consumer electronics for the Gardian, and one of Apple's biggest fans, with a close relation to the firm's PR machine. The corporation flew him over to Apple's headquarters to try it out, giving him a pre-release model, and in return received Fry's typically rhapsodic prose. (Time, MacWorld) This is no different to the way corporations woo other journalists, but Fry is not a young staffer on a technology website who might be expected to fall for such tricks.

There is also one particular story of pro-Apple bias which indicates the editorial standards of newspapers' technology desks. In the summer of 2009 readers noticed that the New York Times was employing as a technology journalist David Pogue, who also wrote several books on Apple products, and who gave Apple's products good reviews. Although he was not paid by Apple, there were suggestions of self-interest.

The Times's Public Editor summarised the problem:
Two Thursdays ago [27 August 2009], two of Pogue's interests seemed to collide. In his Times column, he gave a glowing review to Snow Leopard, Apple's new operating system for Macs. At the same time, he was writing a "Missing Manual" [part of a season of books] on Snow Leopard — two, actually — already available for pre-order on Amazon. It is no intended knock on Pogue's integrity — he has panned Apple products and praised those of competitors — to point out that the review put him in the kind of conflict-of-interest situation that The Times regularly calls others to account for: doctors with a financial interest in the drugs they recommend, or a presidential adviser whose clients have a direct interest in certain legislation. In this case, the better Snow Leopard sells, presumably the better Pogue's "Missing Manual" on how to use it will sell.
Later Pogue admitted that Snow Leopard, the OS he had praised so highly, was full of bugs and often crashed. The New York Times - one of the world's most respected newspapers - saw a conflict of interest but refused to take any action to stop it.

The always self-questioning BBC have given the pro-Apple bias some consideration. In 2008 Jeremy Hillman discussed its coverage of the iPhone 3G (not the original iPhone) launch which he claimed was modest (getting radio and website coverage but not TV) and correctly proportioned.

On the other hand, many Apple fans have insisted that the media is anti-Apple; while this can hardly be justified with respect to iPhones and iPods, the media has sometimes paid less attention to Apple computers - but with Apple's tiny share of the PC market that is not too surprising.

What is needed is more substantial, perferably quantitative, analysis. In the absence of that, I did a quick search of the Guardian's archives today. "Apple" returned 16131 results, 2145 in 2009; "Microsoft" 13085 results, 1341 in 2009. Taking figures for 2009, that is 60% more coverage for Apple than Microsoft, despite turnover of $58bn for Microsoft (makers of Windows, the XBox, search engine Bing, and websites including Hotmail) against $34bn for Apple (makers of Mac computers, iPhones and iPods, and operators of the iTunes online store). iPhone got 1074 results against 305 for Nokia. Google (2640 results) and Twitter (3566) got more coverage, although those stories may have been bulked by journalists inviting people to Twitter comments or Google stuff.

(The Guardian's vast Twitter coverage is another topic; whether they are enthused by Twitter's usefulness for marketing, or someone there just really likes it, is unclear.)

Monday, December 7, 2009

Lost and Found

Some examples of lost, mislaid, stolen, or destroyed, music, books, and films, plus some subsequently recovered.

Keith Waterhouse left the first 10000 words of his novel Billy Liar in a taxi and had to start it again.

John Stuart Mill accidentally destroyed the only manuscript of Thomas Carlyle's French Revolution, mistaking it for scrap paper and setting fire to it, but Carlyle rewrote it and it became a classic.

Andre Malraux's manuscript novel The Struggle against the Angel was destroyed by the Germans in World War Two; Malraux, who fought in the French Resistance, was also captured but survived. Only a fragment of the book escaped destruction, and was later published as The Walnut Trees of Altenburg. Malraux did not write any more novels, but served in de Gaulle's governments and became an important art historian.

John Wilmot, 2nd earl of Rochester burned many of his more immoral poems when he decided to reform.

Ralph Ellison lived 40 years after the publication of his masterpiece Invisible Man without ever producing a followup, but with many excuses for not writing it - he claimed to have lost 365 pages of it in a house fire, but the truth of this excuse is disputed. His work in progress was published posthumously as Juneteenth.

Fantasy writer David Eddings accidentally burnt down his office when he attempted to test whether a liquid leaking from his car was water or gasoline by setting fire to it. However, it was not reported that he lost any work.

William Faulkner died in 1962; The Dreadful Hollow, a vampire screenplay set in Victorian England and possibly written as a joke, was found among his papers in 2007. Faulkner was a successful screenwriter, working on The Big Sleep, Mildred Pierce, and To Have and Have Not among other films, and there were rumours when it was discovered that The Dreadful Hollow would be filmed with a $60m budget, but this doesn't seem to have happened.

Graham Greene's detective novel The Empty Chair written in the mid 1920s was unearthed in his archives in 2008. Unfortunately he never finished it, so nobody knew whodunnit.

Many works narrowly escaped destruction on the author's death when friends and relatives disobeyed the author's will. Nabokov left instructions for his unfinished manuscript The Original of Laura to be burnt after his death in 1977. His wife saved it and it sat in a Swiss bank vault for 30 years. Despite being little more than notes on index cards, it was published in 2009; reviewers were embarrassed or critical (Washington Post, Guardian, Telegraph). Virgil did not finish writing the Aeneid before his death, and legend says he ordered its destruction. Max Brod failed to carry out Franz Kafka's wish that he destroy unfinished manuscripts. In contrast, Ted Hughes destroyed some of Sylvia Plath's diaries upon her death, apparently without her authorisation.

Gerard Manley Hopkins spent his lifetime agonising over whether he should write poetry and released only a few mild verses that did not show his true genius; he died in 1889 but it wasn't till 1918 that his friend Robert Bridges published his poems. Emily Dickinson was another poet almost unpublished during her life; she died in 1886 and her sister Lavinia discovered her poems shortly after; they were published by friends in 1890. However, this collection was heavily edited and it was not until 1955 that a scholarly edition was produced that made no attempt to correct her strange rhythms and half-rhymes.

The history of popular music is full of legendary missing recordings. The mastertapes of Green Day's Cigarettes and Valentines album were stolen and they recorded something else instead - the American Idiot album. The tapes of an album by Peter "Where do you go to my lovely?" Sarstedt recorded in 1970 were lost for 30 years; it was released as the Lost Album in 2008. There is a missing album by Johnny Marr and Ian McCulloch (Echo and the Bunnymen), recorded in 1993, stolen from a courier van on their way to fellow Bunnyman Will Sergeant.

The BBC followed a deliberate policy of deleting old programs on videotape so that the tapes could be reused. This means there are no recordings of episodes of classic shows from Doctor Who to Dad's Army, as well as classics like Hancock's Half Hour, live broadcasts from Top of the Pops to the BBC's coverage of the first moon landing, adaptations of Madame Bovary and For Whom the Bell Tolls, and many televised plays including The Madhouse on Castle Street (1963) which featured Bob Dylan's first acting performance. Sometimes an old telecine recording turns up, or a tape leant to an African broadcaster returns home, but the supply is surely drying up.

Saturday, December 5, 2009

The Afghan John Lennon

In his latest blog post, Adam Curtis tells the story of the king of Afghan pop music, singer Ahmad Zahir. With the style of Elvis Presley and the political commitment of John Lennon, he remains an idol to his countrypeople. He was the son of Abdul Zahir, Columbia alumnus, court doctor, health minister, and prime minister under Mohammed Zahir Shah.

As Afghanistan's elite grew more westernised in the 1960s, the children of the ruling class looked for new forms of entertainment and expression. Ahmad started making pop music that blended western influences with traditional music and poetry as well as songs from Indian cinema.

This is Aye Darya* from his first album, with the Habibia Amateurs. It starts very strangely but bear with it a minute:



Later he became more involved with prog rock, working with Afghan band The Stars, who loved Emerson Lake and Palmer but also covered western disco songs. Begzar Ta Begeryam Chon Abaro Dar Bah is from Beyayed Beyayed, the album they recorded together:



Here's Khuda Bowad Yaarit, another proggy song, with a striking video:



And one of his last songs, Tu Ba Mani (1978; released 1979), with another dodgy fan video:



Following the marxist takeover in 1978, he protested against the new government and his songs were banned from state radio. He died mysteriously in his car on June 14, 1979. Officially it was a car accident, but many people believe he was shot dead by one of his friends who were travelling with him, on the order of communist general Daud Taroon.

Following the Soviet invasion in December 1979, his sister Zahira fled to the west, settling in Washington DC, where she set up a hair salon in the Watergate building. Her customers included Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, George HW Bush and his son George W.

When the Taliban captured Kabul in 1996, they destroyed Zahir's grave, believing all music to be sinful. But Ahmad Zahir still retains incredible popularity in Afghanistan and elsewhere, not least at his official web site. Recently his music featured in the film The Kite Runner, set in Afghanistan.

*Unfortunately the romanisations of his song titles vary a lot (probably from being translated between Persian, Pashtun, and other languages).

Monday, November 30, 2009

Where are the right-wing writers?

It's a common supposition on both left and right that everyone in the arts is a liberal, lefty, communist, or fellow traveller; at most there's one or two exceptions writing from a conservative position. Thus, Tony Kushner in Only We Who Guard The Mystery Shall Be Unhappy has Laura Bush say:
The liberals may have nearly all the poets and painters and everybody else but WE have Dostoevsky and he obliterates the whole kitandkaboodle, we have Dostoevsky and so we win.
But is this the full story? For your consideration, I present the following. From libertarians to upper-class high-church snobs, with a smattering of one-nation tories, Nazi sympathisers, and the unprincipled rich, here's a list of notable novelists, poets, and a few other literary types of a rightist persuasion.
  1. Kingsley Amis - despite early socialism, he moved rightwards through his life to become a curmudgeonly conservative
  2. Martin Amis - in recent years has followed his father's path, with his views on Islam condemned by many left-wingers; also anti-communist, writing books about Stalin
  3. Jeffrey Archer - popular novelist and former Conservative Party MP; also convicted perjurer
  4. Honoré de Balzac - royalist and chronicler of a society in decline
  5. Hilaire Belloc - the poet and writer, known for his verse for children, was an admirer of fascism and especially Mussolini; he was a devout Catholic and has been accused of anti-semitism
  6. Saul Bellow - a youthful leftist he moved to the right, was culturally conservative, opposing political correctness and multiculturalism
  7. John Betjeman - a small-c conservative: an admirer of the English upper classes, a campaigner to preserve disappearing aspects of England, scornful of mass culture, and a Catholic
  8. William Peter Blatty - the Exorcist writer is a donor to the US Republican party
  9. Robert Brasillach - French novelist and journalist who collaborated with the Nazis
  10. Rupert Brooke - upper-middle-class poet known for his patriotic World War One verse, although he also moved in liberal circles
  11. John Buchan - the author of the 39 Steps was an MP for the Unionist Party in Scotland (which later merged with the Conservative Party), a keen imperialist, and has been accused of racism
  12. Jorge Luis Borges - the Argentinian postmodernist was an admirer of Latin American dictators, including Pinochet
  13. William F. Buckley, Jr - writer, tv presenter, and occasional novelist, a leading intellectual of US Republicanism from the 1960s to the 2000s
  14. Roy Campbell - South African poet and Catholic, he moved to Spain in the 1930s and supported Franco (unlike most writers who went to Spain); turned against the Bloomsbury group after his wife had an affair with Vita Sackville-West
  15. Orson Scott Card - best known for science fiction novels such as Ender's Game, he is also a pro-Republican commentator and a Mormon
  16. Thomas Carlyle - Scottish historian, satirist, and essayist who distrusted democracy and modernity, and believed nations needed great men to lead them, writing an admiring biography of Frederick the Great
  17. Willa Cather - a novelist who was conservative both in aesthetics and politics
  18. Louis-Ferdinand Céline - the modernist novelist was an anti-semite and supporter of Vichy France
  19. François-René de Chateaubriand - French royalist and a devout Catholic
  20. GK Chesterton - humorist and Christian apologist, converted to Catholicism; George Orwell accused him of writing "endless tirades against Jews"
  21. Agatha Christie - reactionary conservative who portrayed a bygone England, her early books included various racial caricatures
  22. Winston Churchill - winner of Nobel prize for literature for his non-fiction, and Conservative prime minister
  23. EM Cioran - Romanian philosopher and essayist, a pupil and follower of far-right philosopher Nae Ionescu
  24. Tom Clancy - popular spy novelist, has donated large amounts of money to the US Republican party
  25. Robin Cook - the thriller writer, not the deceased British Labour politician, is a Republican donor
  26. James Fenimore Cooper - wrote widely on political matters, influenced by Jefferson, notably supporting the landowners in the New York Anti-Rent Wars in the 1840s and 50s
  27. Patricia Cornwell - crime writer and Jack the Ripper enthusiast who has made large donations to the US Republican party, despite being a lesbian who has spoken out for equal rights
  28. Noel Coward - naturally conservative, author of comedies about the upper middle classes, although he was an agnostic
  29. Michael Crichton - climate-change denialist who satirised political correctness and accused liberal magazine editor Michael Crowley of being a small-dicked paedophile
  30. Ian Curteis - British writer whose play about the Falklands war was allegedly a victim of censorship by the left-wing BBC
  31. Robertson Davies - Canadian novelist with old-fashioned literary style and reactionary politics
  32. Benjamin Disraeli - Conservative prime minister and novelist, the father of moderate one-nation conservatism
  33. Michael Dobbs - conservative politician and prolific novelist, best known for Francis Urquhart books
  34. John Dos Passos - modernist novelist, initially a communist, he moved all the way across the political spectrum to become an admirer of Joe McCarthy
  35. Feodor Dostoyevsky - a reformer in his youth, he later moved to the right, seeking to defend the traditional Russian spirit
  36. Mircea Eliade - Romanian fiction writer and philosopher of religion, a fascist in the 1930s
  37. TS Eliot - former banker, socially and politically conservative, also accused of anti-semitism, said: "I am an Anglo-Catholic in religion, a classicist in literature and a royalist in politics"
  38. James Ellroy - critically acclaimed crime novelist has expressed right-wing authoritarian viewpoints, e.g. defending the LAPD over the Rodney King beating, but elsewhere claims this was just controversialist nonsense
  39. William Faulkner - although a liberal in his attitudes to race, the Southern US novelist is generally judged to be overall conservative
  40. Julian Fellowes - a writer whose subject is the English upper classes, his Conservative politics are no great surprise, and he's often on lists of celebrity Tory supporters
  41. Fillià - Italian futurist writer and painter known for his religious art, had links with fascists
  42. Frederick Forsyth - the British thriller writer has long been a supporter of the Conservative Party
  43. George MacDonald Fraser - the author of the humorous Flashman novels was a military man and a traditionalist in many areas of life, prominently campaigning against the metric system
  44. Robert Frost - American poet of conservative political views who became a national treasure and spoke at Kennedy's inauguration; he played at being a farmer but earned his money from teaching
  45. JW von Goethe - romantic conservative, admired the upper classes, and opposed the numerous revolutions of the late 18th/early 19th centuries
  46. Terry Goodkind - Ayn Rand-influenced sword and sorcery writer with enormous sales
  47. Knut Hamsun - Norwegian Nobel laureate (Hunger) and later a Nazi sympathiser
  48. Robert Heinlein - right-wing libertarian militaristic writer of (mostly) intelligent science fiction
  49. Hergé - Belgian comic-book writer of conservative politics, accused of racism and collaborating with the Nazis
  50. Michel Houellebecq - anti-political correctness, anti-Islam, anti-women, for his admirers he offers a critique of modern liberal humanism
  51. Ted Hughes - misanthropic violence-loving nature poet who detested modern life and became poet laureate and friends with the Queen Mother
  52. JK Huysmans - in his early life, a writer of Zola-influenced liberalism, he dallied briefly with fin de siecle decadence but converted to Catholicism and became a conservative
  53. PD James - English crime novelist and a Conservative peer in the House of Lords
  54. Antony Jay - Thatcherite writer of satirical sitcom Yes Minister
  55. Ernst Jünger - German writer who glorified the military following World War I and opposed democracy
  56. Jack Kerouac - the beat novelist moved right in the 1960s, supporting the Vietnam war, becoming friends with William F Buckley, and returning to the Catholic faith he was raised in
  57. Rudyard Kipling - poet of British patriotism and imperialism, defender of the British soldier
  58. Dean Koontz - thriller writer and supporter of US Republican party
  59. Philip Larkin - his posthumously-published letters revealed a racist, misogynistic, right-wing private man, while his poetry showed a kindlier backward-looking conservatism
  60. DH Lawrence - novelist and poet had liberal views early in his life but later moved towards fascism
  61. CS Lewis - Christian apologist and a moderate conservative, though he avoided political association and refused a CBE from Churchill
  62. Wyndham Lewis - influenced by the Futurists, he was briefly a supporter of Hitler, and often anti-semitic
  63. Liu Xiaobo - the Chinese writer, poet, and Nobel Peace Prize-winner was an admirer of George W Bush and a defender of American imperialism who criticised John Kerry for being insufficiently right-wing; also anti-Islam
  64. Mario Vargas Llosa - once a supporter of Castro, he became a free-market centre-right politician, while defending human rights, and ran unsuccessfully for the presidency of Peru
  65. André Malraux - the novelist, art historian and resistance fighter fought for the Republican side in the Spanish civil war, but in the 1960s he served as Charles de Gaulle's Minister of Cultural Affairs
  66. Thomas Mann - a supporter of the Kaiser in his youth, he moved in a liberal direction during the Weimar republic
  67. FT Marinetti - Italian proto-fascist poet, active as both an artistic and political leader; he split with Mussolini because he felt the Fascist party was too backward-looking
  68. Allan Massie - Scottish conservative historical novelist and journalist
  69. HL Mencken - satirist who opposed the New Deal and hated Franklin Roosevelt
  70. Stephenie Meyer - Mormon vampire novelist of conservative views
  71. Yukio Mishima - right-wing anti-democratic Japanese novelist and playwright who attempted a military coup
  72. Marianne Moore - like many in Pound and Eliot's circles, she was right-wing, a defender of American capitalism
  73. Iris Murdoch - a youthful communist and populariser of Sartre, she seemed to move rightwards, and like Ayn Rand was a fan of strong-willed almost demonic men; her philosophy focused on topics such as moral virtue; she opposed literary experimentalism, and demanded striking miners be shot
  74. Vladimir Nabokov - a conservative aesthete who fled Stalin's Russia
  75. VS Naipaul - Indo-Trinidadian Nobel laureate, conservative, accused of disliking the third world and Muslims
  76. Flannery O'Connor - Catholic moralist who mocked the godlessness of modern life in grotesque fiction
  77. Alexander Pope - conservative satirist
  78. PJ O'Rourke - satirist of right-wing sympathies
  79. John Osborne - angry young man who turned into a cantankerous old man
  80. Luigi Pirandello - experimental playwright allied himself with Mussolini, although his supporters claim it was purely from self-interest
  81. Ezra Pound - sophisticated and erudite aesthete, accused of being sympathetic to Mussolini in World War Two and imprisoned
  82. Anthony Powell - his Dance to the Music of Time chronicled rich English bohemians and he was an upper-class conservative
  83. Marcel Proust - upper-class aesthete, although homosexual, came from a conservative background; he avoided politics and his political position is contested
  84. Ayn Rand - popular philosopher and author of very long novels, known for her defence of entrepreneurs and for championing reason over emotions
  85. John Crowe Ransom - conservative US Southerner, involved with the Southern Agrarians (backward-looking pro-Confederate grouping) for a time
  86. Tim Rice - the lyricist, writer, and TV personality has supported the Conservative party for ages; he also does a lot of good work for charity
  87. Walter Scott - Scottish historical novelist of Tory sympathies, active in conservation but condemned by Mark Twain for romanticising war and chivalry; while pro-Jacobite and romantic about Scottish history he also defended the union with England
  88. Moshe Shamir - Israeli novelist, playwright, and politician, moved from early socialism to right-wing Likud and Tehiya parties
  89. Alexander Solzhenitsyn - the Soviet dissident had an understandable hatred of communism; on his arrival in the USA he allied himself with the neo-conservatives who believed the Soviet Union was the gravest threat to the USA's existence, and called for its destruction
  90. Nicholas Sparks - the author of drippy romantic fantasies donated to Republican senator Elizabeth Dole
  91. Gertrude Stein - collaborated with Vichy France; claims that she called for Hitler to be given the Nobel Peace Prize were probably a joke
  92. Wallace Stevens - insurance company executive who wrote abtruse modernist poetry
  93. Tom Stoppard - playwright is generally reckoned to be slightly right of centre despite his human rights work; an anti-communist long-associated with east European dissidents
  94. Jonathan Swift - conservative, devout Anglican satirist, converted from Whig to Tory
  95. Allen Tate - American agrarian poet, who later became a Roman Catholic and a legendary womaniser
  96. Alfred Lord Tennyson - the poet laureate was a traditional English gentleman who celebrated military virtue and the chivalrous middle ages, but was more liberal on some causes - he refused a baronetcy from Disraeli and was agnostic
  97. Hunter S Thompson - a libertarian and great believer in gun rights, although he hated most Republicans (despite a grudging respect for Nixon)
  98. JRR Tolkien - deeply conservative and strongly Catholic throughout his life, he supported Franco in the Spanish civil war, although he hated Hitler for perverting northern-European myths and traditions
  99. John Updike - novelist who wrote about suburbia with a conservative viewpoint
  100. Robert Penn Warren - poet, critic, and novelist (political satire All the King's Men), who had links with the Southern Agrarians but moved left and later became a father figure of American liberalism
  101. Keith Waterhouse - the author of Billy Liar was a Daily Mail columnist for decades until his death
  102. Evelyn Waugh - satirist of the British upper classes and author of Brideshead Revisited, a right-wing Catholic
  103. AN Wilson - British novelist, biographer, and newspaper columnist for the right-wing press, of firmly Conservative views
  104. PG Wodehouse - although he satirised British fascism in the 1930s, he did broadcasts from Nazi Germany in World War Two, and has been condemned as a collaborator; certainly a small-c conservative
  105. Tom Wolfe - satirist, journalist, and winner of the Literary Review's Bad Sex in Fiction Prize, an admirer of George W Bush and long-time Republican
  106. William Wordsworth - a radical in his youth, he became more conservative as he got older, repudiating his initial support for the French Revolution and eventually becoming a member of the establishment
  107. WB Yeats - Irish nationalist and mystic, a Nobel laureate for his poetry, who became increasingly conservative and eccentric and even flirted with fascism
Some suggestions from: Sans Everything, Ranker, WP, Bookslut, Iain Dale, BBC, ChuckerCanuck, Daily Mail, LibraryThing.

Tuesday, November 10, 2009

Top Ten Internet Hoaxes

MSNBC has produced a list of the 10 most heinous hoaxes on the Net. The list doesn't appear to be in order.

Twitter/Facebook AMBER alert: people broadcasting fake alerts about missing children over Twitter and Facebook.

Bonsai Kitten: fake images of a kitten in a bottle, complete with instructions on how to make your own. The American Humane Society and the FBI investigated it.

Epilepsy Forum Raid: Hackers got into the websites of Epilepsy Foundation of America and the British National Society for Epilepsy, filling them with rapidly-flashing images. It has been blamed on Anonymous (best known for their anti-Scientology actions), 7chan, eBaum's world, and the Internet Hate Machine.

Bigfoot's body: Two men in Georgia, USA, claimed to have bigfoot in their freezer, and sold the corpse to a man from Indiana for $50,000.

Changing pi: Mark Boslough wrote an April Fools story in 1998 about how Alabama legislators were going to change the mathematical constant pi to 3.

Save Toby: In 2005, some people announced they had found an injured rabbit and restored it to health. The heartwarming story changed tack when they said they'd cook eat it unless people donated $50,000.

Myspace Suicide: 13 year old Megan Meier met a boy called Josh on MySpace. They exchanged emails and she fell in love with him. He broke it off a month later and she committed suicide, hanging herself in her bedroom on 16 October 2006. But Josh never existed: Lori Drew, the mother of a girl who knew Megan, created the fake profile and Drew and others used it to send Meier abusive messages.

419 Nigerian scams: The classic get-rich-quick scheme, where someone emails to say that they've got $100 million in an African bank account and with your help they can get it out. Just send some money to help. And your bank details... In 1995, an American who went to Lagos after one of these schemes was murdered.

Work-at-home scams: Another age-old trick: just send money and we'll tell you how to earn $$$ from your own home. Whether the method involves setting up your own work-from-home scam will vary.

Facebook hoax on TechCrunch: Facebook tricked technology news website TechCrunch into believing Facebook had added a "fax this photo" feature to every photo on Facebook.

(Via Museum of Hoaxes, who suggests they missed manbeef.com, Marry Our Daughter, and "Lcpl Boudreaux killed my Dad, then he knocked up my sister!")

Thursday, November 5, 2009

We Live In Ethiopia Now

The Guardian has a feature on Josh Harris, an early and eccentric internet millionaire who funnelled his profits into massive art projects. He founded a company called Jupiter Interactive and a website pseudo.com for streaming audio and video. He offered sex chat and streamed audio programs on subjects such as video games over dial-up connections, later moving up to video. The company went bankrupt in the first dot com crash in 2000.

What's more interesting is how Harris managed to spend $80m he earned from his businesses. He was obsessed with the ability of the internet to broadcast people's lives in real-time audio and video. One project of his, called We Live in Public, involved him and his girlfriend broadcasting every action from dozens of video cameras in their luxurious Manhattan apartment for 100 days. Their relationship broke down under the stress.

He was also known for wild and eccentric parties, including his event marking the end of the last millennium, Quiet: We Live in Public, which involved a group of people living for a month in a Broadway warehouse, with all their actions broadcast on pseudo.com. The premises included "a shooting range, ... a banquet hall, theatre, temple, club, giant game of Risk, and a public shower area, all covered by cameras", as well as lots of drugs and sex. To explain this, Harris referenced his New York predecessor Warhol: "I think what people are demanding is 15 minutes of fame every day. And mark my words, they will get it. That's where we're heading, whether we like it or not."

Ondi Timoner has made a film, called We Live in Public, about Josh Harris. After spending the early 2000s running an apple farm in Columbia County, NY, Harris now lives in Sidamo, Ethiopia, where he is apparently CEO of an organisation called the African Entertainment Network. Pseudo.com now offers a range of music videos for online viewing.

Friday, October 30, 2009

Give a man a twitter account and he thinks he's Edward R Murrow

Recently there have been a number of outrages against public decency that have broken as stories or been heavily promoted by celebrity Twitterers: these include Jan Moir being rude about a dead gay singer; Carter-Ruck and Trafigura injuncting the Guardian; and the Scottish Sunday Express intruding on Dunblane.

What's curious is that the voices promoting these issues are not in the main political reporters, politicians, or even political bloggers. Instead the likes of Graham Linehan (instrumental in the Dunblane issue), Stephen Fry (credited with publicising Trafigura), and Charlie Brooker (promoting a variety of liberal causes from drug policy to being nice to Stephen Gately) are comedy writers and/or presenters. The tone is summed up by this tweet from Brooker: "RT @arusbridger: Thx to Twitter/all tweeters for fantastic support over past 16 hours! Great victory for free speech. #trafigura #guardian". The Guardian makes use of Twitter for advertising as well as campaigning so this is a happy collision of both.

The JCPR Twitter Index attempts to rank Twitter account holders based on retweets and other measures as well as the number of followers. The top 10 British Twitterers as of 30 Oct are:

1 Jonathan Ross 438,099 followers
2 Fry 921,760
3 Linehan 33,458
4 Downing Street 1,523,922
5 Jason Bradbury (The Gadget Show) 39,913
6 Philip Schofield
7 Alan Davies
8 Russell Brand
9 Coldplay
10 Phil Jupitus

Brooker was further down, 51st of the British, but with 83,856 followers was more popular than many above him. He does retweet a lot, though.

In contrast, when The Independent asked "Who are the most influential bloggers on Twitter?" on 3 Aug 2009, the top 3 were Guido Fawkes (notorious right-libertarian blogger) (as of 30 Oct, he has 5672 followers), Jon Snow (Channel 4 newscaster of somewhat liberal persuasion) (8800 followers), and Iain Dale (mainstream Conservative) (6411 followers). None of them feature in Twitter Index's list. So it's clear that (with the uncertain exception of Downing Street) it is comics, not politicans or political writers, who are getting their message across on Twitter.

While Fry is in the popular imagination something of a polymath, with plentiful books (fiction and non-fiction), numerous factual TV shows, newspaper columns, dramatic acting, as well as being funny, the others have less obvious claim to be moral guardians. Linehan has written or co-written some amusing TV comedy (working on Father Ted, Big Train, Black Books, the IT Crowd, and others).

Brooker's story is perhaps the most interesting example of a man pushed to fame by his ability to spout opinions in easy to package doses. He started off as a video-game journalist before progressing to mock bad TV online and in the Guardian. Eventually he progressed to an all purpose ranter, mocking the obsession with Twitter (1, 2), attacking the mob mentality of the outraged who rush off to complain about everything they see or hear, saying "I hate offended people", and that he hates opinions. The self-contradiction is almost-certainly tongue in cheek.

In October 2008 he penned a column about how maybe it's not so good to mock celebrities, after reading some of the megabytes of hate-filled email he gets from wannabe comedians seeking his seal of approval: "Perhaps I'm mellowing in my old age, or perhaps I've grown 15% more human, but kicking real people when they're down doesn't really activate my chuckle cells." A few weeks before he'd talked about his spiritual emptiness, suggesting a kind of personal crisis.

Since then his columns have been less sneery, and Brooker's career has had its ups and downs: You Have Been Watching, a Channel 4 panel game in which he sneered at TV got mixed reviews, while Newswipe in which he reported more seriously on TV news coverage was widely appreciated as one of the few TV programs to take television seriously. His tweets and columns reflect a growing interest in the reporting of science, as well as the more obvious expressions of outrage (Trafigura, Moir).

Will the growth of the comic-turned-twitter-politician be the start of a new popular movement? Fry, being intelligent, sees the risks and has expressed sympathy for Moir in the witchhunt she suffered:
I feel sorry for her because I know just what it is like to make a monumental ass of oneself and how hard it is to find the road back. I know all too well what it is like to be inebriated, as Disraeli put it, by the exuberance of my own verbosity.
He continued musing on his own Twitter popularity:
And what am I after all? What right have I to wield this kind of influence? A question people have been asking about journalists for years, but which they have every right to ask about me too. I don't know what business I have wielding influence either. This whole thing has just grown up around me and now I cannot help wondering if, despite my preference for turd-sucking over politics, I have found myself in a new Fifth Estate political assembly, willy-nilly hailed as some sort of tribune by friendly people on one side and being yelled at by unfriendly people on the other. I am not cut out for the hurly-burly of adversarial politics. I am not qualified to represent anyone nor, I cannot repeat often enough, do I wish to. So I should shut up.
Fry continued for another 1000 words.




ADDENDUM: Further controversy has accompanied Fry's Twitterings (Guardian 2009/10/31, 2009/11/02). A twitterer called brumplum called Fry's postings boring, and Fry announced his retirement: "You've convinced me. I'm obviously not good enough. I retire from Twitter henceforward. Bye everyone." Large number of Fry-followers attacked brumplum (some names removed):
@brumplum IS SO BORING HE FUCKS SHEEP @brumplum ur soo gonan be fucking sorry for callin my fav celeb boring u fukin turded faceless arsole

@brumplum You sound like a prick and I only half read your Twitter.

@brumplum r u the reason that stephen fry is thinking of leaving Twitter?Shame on u -he's a national treasure with a kind soul y b so nasty?

@brumplum you truly are a nasty little individual.

I can think of fewer things worse really. Who the fuck is @brumplum to upset Twitter's and England's darling?

@askjeevesdotcom guess what the arsehole @brumplum called @stephenfry boring when stepehn fry isnt
Fry defended brumplum and the two made up:
stephenfry: @brumplum I am so sorry to hear ppl have been abusing you. You had every right to say what you did. Pls accept my apols. This is so awful.

brumplum: @stephenfry Thanks. Can we all be friends again? *tweet favourited* (I have an ego as big as the next man!) ;-)
As already mentioned, the whole story was covered in detail in the Guardian and much of the other media.

Monday, October 26, 2009

Art has already died more times than Dracula, but down it goes again...

Jonathan Jones, who reviews old art for the Guardian, has written a savage attack on Damien Hirst and contemporary art:
Hirst's exhibition is a stupefying admission of defeat, a self-obliterating homage, that reveals the most successful artist of our time to be a tiny talent, with less to offer than even the most obscure Victorian painter in the Wallace Collection [...] Hirst has said: I want to be compared directly with the old masters, on their own turf, in their own visual language. In his eyes, it would seem that all the readymades, all the vitrines – all the ideas that have made him rich – are not real art at all. They are substitutes for the art he wishes he could make. The one truly great art, in his eyes, is the high western tradition of oil painting. He can't do that at all; can't paint his way out of a paper bag. [...] No critic has even come close to the total dismissal of 21st-century art implied by Hirst's turnabout.

Tuesday, October 20, 2009

Tales of central Asia: the artist and the Islamist soldier

Adam Curtis traces (1 2) the relationship between conceptual artist Alighiero e Boetti and 18th century Muslim rebel Sheikh Mansur who led the Chechens against the Russian empire under Catherine the Great. Mansur may have been born in Italy, a one-time monk called Giovani Batista Boetti who went to the region a missionary, fell in love with the daughter of a local leader, and converted to Islam. He was also, perhaps, an ancestor of the other Boetti - unless the letters from Mansur, found in Turin in the late 19th century, describing his Italian roots, were forgeries. Alighiero e Boetti, an artist with roots in the arte povera movement, arrived in central Asia - Afghanistan - in 1971. Seeking to expunge western ideas of creativity and individuality, the later Boetti paid Afghan weavers to produce embroidered designs for him, maps of the world and diagrams encoding the predicted date of his death. He also bought a hotel and took a lot of heroin; with the new flow of western travellers to the region, heroin became increasingly popular, and people started to smuggle it back to Europe. In the last few years, Italian soldiers have arrived in Afghanistan to fight the Taliban, who are at once Islamist warriors and drug dealers.

Monday, October 19, 2009

Screen-scraping from Wikipedia to Google Books

Most people will have had this experience: you go to a search engine and type in a search term and up come a host of results with what looks like encyclopedic entries. But you click on them and they all have exactly the same text.

This practice is known generally as data scraping. For online data, it's web scraping or web harvesting. When you're reading webpages and taking the text from them, that's screen scraping, but it's also possible to use RSS feeds, databases, and other sources to get text. Why? Well, once you have text, you can get people reading it, and once you have readers, you can get money from advertising.

Thanks to Google and other less reputable ad brokers, it's easy to stick ads on your webpage and make some money. For this reason, many people thought Google would never remove screen-scraping sites from their search, but recently they seem to have taken action and such sites have fallen down the rankings.

answers.com is perhaps the leading example, reproducing Wikipedia pages, though other sites do the same - wapedia reformats Wikipedia for mobiles; astrology site astrotheme.com combines star signs with Wikipedia biographies. Sites such as fullbooks.com display uncopyrighted books - their edition of Emma serves Google ads asking "Looking For Rich Women" and offering "Inside A Boyfriends Mind". Anyone can display an out-of-copyright text, and because of the licensing of Wikipedia content, it can be reproduced as long as you credit or link back to the source. Wikipedia does not show advertising but many of the sites reproducing its content do.

Some companies attempt to increase their value by adding extra functionality. The now-defunct LJ Find, for instance, scraped LiveJournal (based on RSS feeds) and offered a search facility - something the site itself didn't offer - as well as displaying the entire contents of people's journals with ads alongside. Other sites offer fully-searchable novels, or attempt to package content from multiple sites onto one page.

It's in this context that I come to Google Books. While Google have removed many of the web-scraping sites from their search results, the world's leading ad broker has another way of making money from other people's content. They have digitised a huge number of books and now serve them up online with appropriate adverts displayed both when you search for a book, and in a side panel when you read the book. I'll be interested to see if anyone can screen-scrape the books that Google has scraped from the world's libraries, and put up their own advertisements - or even better, ads supplied by Google.

Annoy a liberal: work hard. Annoy a conservative: tweet?

The new Freakonomics book from Levitt and Dubner has caused controversy. Critics have accused them of wilful contradictarianism, and moved on to question why their controversialism is anti-liberal, and thence to ask why it seems to be so much more fun to contradict liberals than conservatives.

Andrew Gelman asks:
why is it that "pissing off liberals" is delightfully transgressive and oh-so-fun, whereas "pissing off conservatives" is boring and earnest?
He mentions Nate Silver and Michael Moore as people who successfully piss off conservatives, but they're in the minority of all the counterintuitive argumentation in the world.

Kieran Healy complains that it's impossible to get a liberal equivalent of the rightwing bumper sticker "Annoy a Liberal. Work hard. Succeed. Be happy." Commenter Anthony (referencing a remark of LBJ's) relates this to the apologetic nature of liberals:
American liberals have a problem because it's altogether too easy to force them to deny that they're pig-fuckers, and they have no clue why.
Another commenter, Bad Jim, may get closer to the problem
It's a waste of time to piss off conservatives. They're already as angry as can be.
John Quiggin continues the debate by questioning the idea of whether it's really so wonderful to be contrarian (even though it does sell books.
Contrarianism is a cheap way of allowing ideological hacks to think of themselves as fearless, independent thinkers, while never thinking (in fact reinforcing) the status quo. [...] To sum up my current view: "contrarianism" is mostly contrary to reality, the "conventional wisdom" is probably wiser than the typical unconventional alternative, and "politically incorrect" views are almost always incorrect in every way: literally, scientifically and morally.
Mark Liberman, in a blog post called "Freakonomics: the intellectual's Glenn Beck?" is suspicious of the contrarian economists, referencing Barbara Ehrenreich's recent critique of their claim that statistics show women are more miserable now than pre-feminism. He points out that contrarianism of whatever stripe sells books. And J Bradford Delong offers advice on how Levitt and Dubner could rewrite their own book.

Disputes about global warming are hardly novel, and nor is worrying over the lack of left-wing polemic, particularly in an America where Rush Limbaugh and Glenn Beck call the shots. In Britain the more common complaint is that all satirists are left-wing (except Ian Hislop). But the right still have Jeremy Clarkson, Jeremy Kyle, possibly James Whale. The left may have jokes and sandals, but they're not ranting, with even civil liberties being as likely to be defended by crazy hate-filled right-libertarians as by bleeding heart liberals.

Despite this, Twitter's British membership (which sometimes seems to be the entire Guardian readership and their electronic devices) seems quite adept at conducting nice witch-hunts with liberal ideals, with the last few days seeing agitated action against Carter-Ruck and Trafigura injuncting newspapers and Daily Mail columnist Jan Moir being homophobic following Stephen Gately's death, following the more benign welovetheNHS Twitter campaign.

But is it the left shouting here? Much of the antipathy to Carter-Ruck came from right-wing bloggers: Iain Dale, Guido Fawkes, and the Spectator. It's fun having a go at judges and shady multinationals, playing the game of figuring out what's being injuncted; your politics isn't important. Likewise, based on most people's uninterest in the Mail's past transgressions it seems to be mainly Boyzone fans who're really upset with the coverage of Gately's death. Sometimes you need to join a crowd and shout against conservatives and capitalists, but that doesn't make you a socialist. Though maybe Gately did more for gay rights than Peter Tatchell.

Friday, October 16, 2009

Sic ASA Parrot

The first edition of what will hopefully be a regular roundup of adjudications by the Advertising Standards Authority, the British ad industry watchdog.

Danone not so good for you? The yogurt manufacturer failed to show Actimel is "scientifically proven to help support your kids' defences". Referenced studies were on hospitalised Indian kids or children under 3 years, neither of which featured in the TV ad.

Peta falsely imply that eating meat causes swine flu. Rearing pigs might get you, but fortunately most bacon-eaters never see a real live oinker.

Male drivers ARE dangerous. A government campaign warned women not to get into a car with a man if she didn't trust his driving. A viewer felt this was offensive to male drivers, not all of whom are crazed careless killers on wheels (allegedly). The ASA felt the ad "highlighted the statistical risks to encourage prudent behaviour" - who could ask for anything more?

Abtronic? Abysmal. Sellers of an electronic muscle-stimulation belt were picked up by ASA monitors. Oh dear: it's not the easy path to a sculpted six-pack, no substitute for going to the gym, and the ASA doubted claims that it was relaxing, suggesting there's no pain no gain: "We acknowledged that the 'relaxation' setting on the Abtronic X2 was likely to feel relatively comfortable, but considered that to achieve the claimed muscle-toning, the Abtronic X2 would need to be set to the exercise programme, which was likely to cause some pain or discomfort." Ouch!

We Buy Any Car vindicated. They'll buy any car, even a limo, but not your pick-up. Because it's not a car. Sorry, complainer!

Tesco and Asda are at war. The casus belli: who has the cheaper prices. Asda tries to prove it's better with an independent price comparison website checking a wide selection of products. Tesco has a different plan. They select random people's shopping baskets (I assume they store details of everything each person buys, rather than grabbing a random shopper as he heads for the tills with two fillet steaks, a bottle of Cava, and a twelve-pack of condoms), and they check the price of this randomly selected basket against what Asda would sell it for. Someone complained, objecting that this is biased as it doesn't take account of the fact that 95% of Tesco products could be overpriced, but if people walk in the door, see the prices, refuse to buy the bad-value stuff and just take the buy-one-get-one-free spinach bags and the half-price wine from a country you've never heard of, then Tesco will look really cheap (assuming ASDA doesn't have deals on spinach and Bolivian Merlot). The response: "Tesco said it was generally accepted that advertising sought to present companies in the most favourable light. Price comparison ads were, by their very nature, highly biased in favour of the advertiser." The ASA said: victory to Tesco. Also cheaper than Boots, by slightly better reasoning.

Park's miracle mattress won't help you concentrate or relieve your pain.

Coke in trouble over Vitaminwater. Viewers may confuse Jean-Claude van Damme and Brussels sprouts, and that's just the beginning of their problems, as the ASA dispute their health benefits and suggest 4.6g sugar/100ml is a lot of calories for a drink that claims to be water.

Something about frying-related franchises. Purifry Ltd challenge FiltaFry's uniqueness. Purifry offers franchised deep-fat fryer care, cleaning, and oil disposal. FiltaFry do much the same but their website has exciting videos! There are business opportunities here! It's war of the fryers! This could get messy!

talkSPORT offer pre-pay Maestro cards? And don't tell you that there's a fee for topping them up? Naughty.

Penis pump maker deflated.

Chinese buffet ok. Anyone can call themselves "world famous" even if nobody's heard of you - it's a meaningless subjective phrase not a statement of fact.

Mercedes not so environmentally sound.

Leona Lewis in trouble: apparently if you call something your "new album" it shouldn't just be a bunch of old tracks in a new cover.

Guthy-Renker beauty products - this web page offers ASA highlights, but it seems that most of their adjudications are against utility companies, made-up religions, and French cosmetics with dubious scientific claims.

Universal Church of the Kingdom of God's blessed oil probably won't save your life, even with the disclaimer "The UCKG does not claim to heal people but believes that God can through the power of faith."

The Queen is in trouble: truly the ASA fears nobody. The Duchy of Lancaster making unjustified claims in an attempt to build new houses in the ancient village of Cloughton.

Tuesday, October 13, 2009

Book of historical failures

An amusing old conspiracy theory has recently come my way. In 1981 many right-wing Labour party members quit to form a new party, the SDP. The year before, the Labour party had elected the very left-wing and pro-disarmament Michael Foot as its leader. Some of those who formed the SDP voted for Foot despite their political differences. Why? Nevil Sandelson, an MP for Labour and later the SDP, claimed that he was one of six right-wing Labour members who conspired to elect Foot and thus destroy the Labour party. Sandelson went even further: as an SDP MP in 1987 he called on voters to vote for the Tories rather than his own party, in order to destroy Labour more thoroughly. Could any MPs today have similar plans? (The Telegraph's obituary of Sandelson)

Monday, October 12, 2009

In a garret or Waitrose - on the earnings of poets

Earlier this month, New Zealand poet Leigh Davis died, aged just 54 (Charles Bernstein; National Business Review). As well as a poet and publisher, Davis was a successful businessman and merchant banker.

Despite the popular impression of starving poets in garrets, many poets actually made or make a decent living - just not from poetry. While some doubtless get by in menial jobs waiting tables or cleaning floors, most successful poets seem to find some form of middle-class employment. Perhaps the starving poets can't afford the stamps to submit their work or like Weldon Kees and Hart Crane commit suicide, or maybe poetry does bring rewards. Clearly there is more research to be done on whether the jobs precede or follow the poetry. What follows is just a sketch of how poets get their money.

Insurance executive Wallace Stevens is one of the most famous examples, working his way to vice-president of the Hartford Accident and Indemnity Company. The few poets to be seriously rich have inherited their money, such as Frederick Seidel, who is acclaimed as one of the greatest living American poets for verse about wasted lives and motorbikes, and Elizabeth Bishop who was independently wealthy until late in her life. Richer than both was James Merrill, the son of Charles Merrill of Merrill Lynch. In an earlier age, Elizabeth Barrett Browning was the child of a wealthy sugar plantation owner, although later they fell on hard times and she married Robert Browning.

While few poets were as rich as those, poetry is perhaps the most middle-class of all the arts. William Carlos Williams was a doctor, though not wealthy. TS Eliot worked for Lloyd's Bank until 1925. Robert Bridges, who had little success as a poet during his lifetime, was a doctor until lung disease forced his retirement. RS Thomas was a clergyman who lived a very simple, austere life; in an earlier age, Gerard Manley Hopkins was a priest though he never published during his lifetime. For women poets, a husband is a common source of income - these days perhaps it works the other way around. Edna St. Vincent Millay was supported by her husband in her verse and unconventional life. HD (Hilda Doolittle) had wealthy husbands and many admirers. Sylvia Plath, little-known during her life, had a pushy mother and a husband with connections.

The best or luckiest poets, particularly the Americans, supplemented their income with grants and awards such as the Fulbright program, Guggenheim fellowship, and MacArthur fellowship, which can provide large sums.




There is a welfare system for poets with fewer commercially-valuable skills and no ancestors in trade: this funding scheme is the university system, active on both sides of the Atlantic. Some poets, such as AE Housman and William Empson, were at the top of their academic specialisms, others were inspirational teachers. Some probably got their jobs through their fame as a poet; others took a conventional route into academia. Here follows a brief list of poets in academia:
  • Maya Angelou: Wake Forest University (American studies)
  • John Ashbery: Brooklyn College, Bards College (languages and literature)
  • WH Auden: U of Michigan, Bennington, Smith, Oxford (poetry) and others
  • Charles Bernstein: Columbia University, Brown University, and Princeton University (poetry and creative writing)
  • John Berryman: U of Iowa
  • Elizabeth Bishop: U of Washington, Harvard, NYU, MIT
  • Carol Ann Duffy: Manchester Metropolitan University (English and creative writing)
  • William Empson: Peking University, Sheffield (English), and others
  • Robert Frost: Middlebury College, and others
  • Seamus Heaney: Berkeley, Queens Belfast, and Carysfort College (a teacher-training college)
  • AE Housman: UCL and Cambridge (Latin)
  • Randall Jarrell: University of Texas at Austin, Sarah Lawrence, University of North Carolina
  • Louis MacNeice: Birmingham (UK) (classics), Bedford (London) (Greek)
  • Edwin Morgan: University of Glasgow (literature)
  • Paul Muldoon: Oxford (poetry), St Andrews, Princeton, and others.
  • Sean O'Brien: Sheffield Hallam (poetry), Newcastle (creative writing)
  • Charles Olson: Black Mountain College (literature)
  • Don Paterson: St Andrews (English)
  • Bob Perelman: Penn (English)
  • JH Prynne: Cambridge (English literature and poetry)
  • Henry Reed: U of Washington
  • Adrienne Rich: Rutgers, Stanford, and others
  • Theodore Roethke: Michigan State, U of Washington, and others
  • Delmore Schwartz: Princeton and others (creative writing)
  • Stephen Spender: U of Cincinnati, Gresham College, UCL (English), and others
  • George Szirtes: UEA, Norwich School of Art and Design (creative writing)
  • Allen Tate: Princeton (creative writing) and others
  • Derek Walcott: Boston U (poetry and drama), University of Alberta (creative writing)
And Philip Larkin was a librarian at Hull University (by most accounts a good one and an efficient organiser).




Many poets made a living from a career in writing - not writing poetry, which does not make many people rich, but in other forms of wordsmithery, such as fiction. Cecil Day Lewis, the son of a clergyman, wrote detective novels as Nicholas Blake. John Masefield wrote numerous novels, including children's classic The Box of Delights, and military history. Thomas Hardy had become a famous novelist by the time he turned to poetry. Robert Graves wrote the very popular WWI memoir Good-bye to All That, the novel I, Claudius, and the philosophical book The White Goddess. Siegfried Sassoon wrote most of his poetry while in the army, but had his principal successes with prose such as Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man. Maya Angelou is also known for her autobiographical fiction and lectures. Robert Penn Warren is best known for the novel All The King's Men, which has been filmed twice. Carl Sandburg wrote children's stories and much other prose. Langston Hughes wrote in almost every form: fiction, a screenplay, books for children, autobiography, plays, opera libretti, essays, and translations. Although poor for much of his life, Charles Bukowski wrote cult novels, some of which were eventually filmed. Hugh MacDiarmid wrote prose, translations from Scottish Gaelic, and journalism. George Szirtes works as a translator and publisher as well as teaching and writing.

Ian Hamilton worked as a journalist and critic and wrote books on football and poetry. John Betjeman, self-styled "poet and hack" wrote journalism, often on architecture or other aspects of England, and presented programs for the BBC. Christopher Logue worked as a journalist, playwright, screenwriter, and actor. Alfred Austin was a journalist and editor, and wrote prose and plays. John Ashbery worked as journalist, art critic, and translator. Hugo Williams has worked as a film, theatre, and music critic and poetry editor for various magazines. Henry Reed, a man known for one great poem, The Naming of Parts, wrote a lot of radio drama before getting a teaching job. Louis MacNeice worked for the BBC as a reporter and dramatist. Stephen Spender and Randall Jarrell also worked extensively in literary journalism, editing, and criticism.

In addition to those working for magazines or small presses, poets including Cecil Day Lewis, TS Eliot, and Lawrence Ferlinghetti have worked more seriously in publishing. At Faber and Faber, Eliot published many of the finest poets of the 20th century. Stevie Smith worked as a secretary at the firm of magazine publisher George Newnes. Michael Longley worked for the Arts Council of Northern Ireland for many years. Other poets such as WB Yeats and Derek Walcott have been active at running theatres.

Ted Hughes seems to have made a living at least partly from poetry, although he wrote classic children's book The Iron Man and non-fiction. Allen Ginsberg lived largely off his poetry, readings, etc, although later in his life he taught English at Brooklyn College. Gregory Corso, a petty criminal in his youth, later lived off the legend of the Beats with readings and occasional teaching jobs. The Australian poet Les Murray retired to write full-time in his 30s.

Of course there are other ways you can get money. TS Eliot's estate receives a lot of money from the musical Cats. Ian Hamilton Finlay was a successful artist, working with numerous collaborators on many commissions. Robert Frost had a farm, though he also taught English and creative writing for most of his life. Langston Hughes worked for a while as a hotel busboy to have time to write, while Charles Bukowski worked for the US postal service. Dylan Thomas worked for the BBC but his main life skill seems to have been a talent for borrowing money, and he's not the only poet to have lived from hand to mouth.

And spare a thought for those like Edward Thomas, Wilfred Owen, Rupert Brooke, Alun Lewis, Keith Douglas, and Sylvia Plath who didn't live long enough to have a chance as professional poets.




For a concrete proof of the central place of academia in poetry, look at winners of the TS Eliot Prize, reckoned Britain's most prestigious poetry award:
  • 2008 - Jen Hadfield, Nigh-No-Place (main income unknown, but sells books and visual artworks, lives in Shetland)
  • 2007 - Sean O'Brien, The Drowned Book (worked Newcastle University)
  • 2006 - Seamus Heaney, District and Circle (formerly Carysfort College etc)
  • 2005 - Carol Ann Duffy, Rapture (worked Manchester Metropolitan U)
  • 2004 - George Szirtes, Reel (worked Norwich School of Art and Design and UEA)
  • 2003 - Don Paterson, Landing Light (worked St Andrews)
  • 2002 - Alice Oswald, Dart (unknown - lives with husband and children in Devon)
  • 2001 - Anne Carson, The Beauty of the Husband (worked McGill - reticent about life)
  • 2000 - Michael Longley, The Weather in Japan (Combined Arts Director, Arts Council of Northern Ireland)
  • 1999 - Hugo Williams, Billy's Rain (critic and editor)
  • 1998 - Ted Hughes, Birthday Letters (poetry and prose)
  • 1997 - Don Paterson, God's Gift to Women (worked St Andrews, as above)
  • 1996 - Les Murray, Subhuman Redneck Poems (writes full-time)
  • 1995 - Mark Doty, My Alexandria (worked Rutgers)
  • 1994 - Paul Muldoon, The Annals of Chile (worked Princeton)
  • 1993 - Ciaran Carson, First Language: Poems (worked Queen's Belfast)
Of 15 winners, 9 teach or have retired from teaching, 1 worked in arts administration, 1 works in journalism, 2 are of unknown income, and 2 may have lived largely from poetry (Hughes and Murray).

This is not the place to delineate the tightly-knit web of modern poetry (Private Eye has chronicled the too-close relations between poetry judges and poetry prize-winners, for instance). Nor will I speculate on whether this narrowness and inwardness is a weakness. This is a matter for further inquiry, which should probably focus on both financial questions and the comparison of career paths in poetry and academia.




I won't list individual sources here, but references included Ian Hamilton's Against Oblivion: some lives of the 20th century poets; Wikipedia; various university websites; www.poetryarchive.org; www.kirjasto.sci.fi; The Guardian and other newspapers. I wasn't able to come up with a clear picture on the earnings of some poets, including Robert Lowell, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Robert Browning, Marianne Moore, Andrew Motion, EE Cummings. As I said, work in progress.